Rhethorical Analysis Movie Shrek - 1709 Words

Salma Segebre Ms. Krivel AP Language October 5, 2012 Shrek Rhetorical Analysis Essay People have always watched fairytales at a very young age, growing up to believe in them. Some watched them to obtain some kind illusion, for pure entertainment, and others for the sake of love. However, not every fairytale has a purpose of giving us an illusion, of entertaining us, or making us believe in love. Shrek is not a typical fairytale. Even though many people see Shrek along with other fairytales as any other movie created for entertainment, it is a satirical critique of the archetypes involved in a fairytale. While in many fairytales we have a knight, a damsel in distress, a partner, and a villain, Shrek changes†¦show more content†¦It is universally understood that the means of such expression refer to a pair of lovers whose relationship is sabotaged by outside forces. It is seen as Shrek develops feelings for Fiona, and Fiona falls in love with Shrek. It is pretty odd because Shrek is a huge ogre and Fiona is just a tiny human pri ncess, who was supposed to marry a prince. Even donkey mentions to Shrek that â€Å"She’s as nasty as you are.† Another quality they have in common. It is not the star-crossed lovers’ fairytale we are used to, but their feelings are so true and pure. What changes, is Fiona’s transformation into an ogre which makes things easier for the couple. The director uses pathos to appeal to the audience emotions and make them develop a connection between the complicated but true love both of these characters have developed. A friendly beast or an animal companion, who helps guide the hero throughout the quest, is expected to be someone brave, smart, and helpful. Shrek’s friendly beast is an ass. The denotation for this ass would be a donkey but in society, the connotation for calling a donkey an ass is seen as saying they are stupid and imbecile. Donkey proves to be a different friendly beast by always making stupid jokes, fearing every single part of the qu est, and complicating things up for Shrek instead of making them simpler. Even though he may not be very helpful, he is still a very loyal and kind

Advertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned - 975 Words

Advertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned. Advertisements involving smoking should be prohibited. Kids and teens that are the most impressionable and easily influenced. Cigarette promotions make smoking appear harmless and cool and have led to many kids under the age of 18 to have smoked for years. The advertisements on quitting smoking and how bad they are for you may be effective for older viewers however many teens and kids are drawn to cigarettes even more because adults are saying it is bad for you and it appeals to their â€Å"bad boy/girl† ideal. Many might argue that forbidding a company from advertising its product is against freedom of speech. This essay will show that the harmful effects of cigarettes will justify dramatic means to prevent people especially our youth from being encouraged to start smoking. Smoking cigarette s is responsible for more than 480,000 deaths per year in the United States, including nearly 42,000 deaths resulting from secondhand smoke exposure. (â€Å"Fun Facts†) The first Brand of cigarettes to become widely known was Bull Durham in 1868. Cigarette sales truly began in 1881 with the patent of the first cigarette rolling machine. Cigarette companies began looking for ways to advertise their products. Originally tobacco companies used cards placed in the cigarette package and posters to advertise. Eventually newspapers, radio, then television were used to reach as many people as possible. (Tobacco companies were the single largest productShow MoreRelatedAdvertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned. Advertisements involving smoking should be prohibited. Kids and teens that are the most impressionable and easily influenced. Cigarette promotions make smoking appear harmless and cool and have led to many kids under the age of 18 to have smoked for years. The advertisements on quitting smoking and how bad they are for you may be effective for older viewers, however many teens and kids are drawn to cigarettes even more because adults are saying it isRead MoreBanning Tobacco Advertising Ban On The Public Health Of Their People976 Words   |  4 Pagesany actors or actresses smoking as it glorifies smoking and sends a bad message to its viewers. According to a CNN article written by Leo Juarez, some actors seem to support the smoking censorship but some film directors seem concerned that the ban might lead to other censorships in the future. India wasn t the first country to implement the ban on tobacco advertisements, other countries such as France, Belgium, Finland, and Norway had already banned tobacco advertisements from their countries. TheRead MoreThe Ban Of Tobacco Advertisements Banned860 Words   |  4 Pageshe people in India that wanted tobacco advertisements banned, wanted them banned because the children would watch t.v. and they would see the tobacco advertisements that had an animated camel in the advertisement and to the parents of the children it made them think that it was showing the children that it is okay to smoke tobacco. Another reason they wanted the tobacco advertisements banned was because researchers has researched tobacco and all the percentages, meaning they found out thatRead MoreHow Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People.1447 Words   |  6 Pageslot of cigarette brands due to advertising. Since then I started smoking and when I went to cafeterias and clubs the people who were promoting cigarettes would offer me a new brand to try and gave me free packs of cigarettes and a lighter with their brand. They didn’t mind how old I was, they just wanted to give them away and promote their product. But except this kind of advertisement, I had seen lots of tobacco advertisements on billboards which made me believe that everything is ok if I smokeRead MoreBan Banning Should Not Be Banned981 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most widely debated topics when it comes to government interference is smoking. Often described as a slow killer, many feel that it is something that should not only be avoided, but also banned. In India specifically, a country that is renowned for its high use of tobacco production and use, the idea of smoking has become a national crisis. With tobacco companies trying to push for freedom of speech† with advertisements, and the government attempting to assume a sense of responsibility, it seemsRead More Alcohol and Cigarette Advertisement Essay948 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol and Cigarettes Advertisement How would you feel if one of your family members or close friends told you they have a lung disease or cancer? According to a 1992 national household survey on alcohol, about 7.5% of the United States population (That is about 14 million Americans) abuse or are dependent on alcohol. Also, a recent 2004 Center for Disease Control (CDC) survey indicated that about 21% of US adults are current cigarette smokers. (That is about 44.5 million people).Let me repeatRead MoreBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA800 Words   |  4 PagesBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA In 2004 the government of India banned tobacco companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products as well as empower the government with the power to launch an anti tobacco program. . This issue created a serious problem in that it was both ethical and commercial, the government on one hand, believe it was its responsibility to protect the welfare ofRead MoreAdvertisements: A Threat to Our Little Ones1209 Words   |  5 Pagesactions that are unmonitored such as watching advertisements, which may ruin their efforts completely. The journal of the American Medical Association said that on average children between the age of two and seventeen watch up to 15000 to 18000 hours of television a year (Bagdikian, 2000, p.36). Now consider the number of advertisements kids watch in this time, according to New American Dream (2012, para2) American children watch up to 40,000 advertisem ents a year. If these figures are taken in to accountRead MoreBan Of Ban On Tobacco988 Words   |  4 Pages Those in favor of the ban on tobacco advertisements and sponsoring of cultural and sporting events in India noted that they were not the first country to be taking these steps. In fact, many European countries had previously invoked bans on tobacco beginning decades before. In both Belgium and France the ban was deemed to be constitutional as the main motivator behind this ban was public health, and not necessarily the desire to stop the tobacco industry from partaking in trade. BeyondRead MoreTobacco Companies Using Advertising Tactics That Target Teenagers1487 Words   |  6 PagesTobacco companies should be prevented from using advertising tactics that target teenagers. There has always been controversy as to how tobacco companies should prevent using advertising tactics to target teenagers. As controversial as this is tobacco companies shouldn’t adverti se teen smoking. Many teens may be lured to believe cigarette advertising because it has been part of the American Culture for years, magazine ads and the media target young people, and these companies receive a drastic increase

Scenario Celecoxib Capsules and Glucosamine

Question: Discuss about the with knee Pain Which Treatment Option is More Effective Celecoxib or Glucosamine? Answer: Many people, including the esteemed athletes are often at high risks of joint problems. These problems are often associated with the very strenuous physical activities or a sudden change in physical activity that put a continuous strain on the joints. The most common problem seen in the population is the patello-femoral pain syndrome characterized by knee pain (Patrick and Keith, 2017). Knee pain might be as a result of many underlying causes a part from just the patello-femoral syndrome. The common causes are arthritis and various knee injuries. Arthritis is a disease in which the integrity of the joints of the body is affected impairing normal function and resulting in pain (Debasis, Hiroyoshi and Siba, 2011). There are many types of arthritis; osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis psoriatic arthritis, juvenile arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis and almost all types can affect the knee. The pain in the knee can be relieved by a ray of drugs that function as analgesic. These drugs may have other therapeutic uses as well and among the frequently used drugs are Celecoxib and Glucosamine. These drugs have different potency levels, half-life and therapeutic windows. This research is hence set out to identify the most effective treatment option to relieve knee pain for one Mr. Kasim between the suggested drugs: Celecoxib and Glucosamine. Celecoxib is a type of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) (Hellen, 2014). Its brand name is Celebrex. It is often indicated in diseases like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis to relieve pain and inflammation. Its mechanism of action is the blocking of the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase-2 that is involved in the formation of eicosanoids that are molecular chemicals involved in the stimulation of pain receptors and subsequent nerves stimulation to relay pain messages to the brain. This way pain receptors remain neutral despite the presence of pain at a cite, pain impulses are not generated by the nerves to relay to the brain to register pain and as such numb the pain felt in the joint. It is contraindicated in people with asthma or other allergic disorders, stomach ulcers, liver and kidney disorders, heart and circulation problems, connective tissue disorder, and those allergic to other NSAIDs and the pregnant women. Despite its good therapeutic effects, Celecoxib can also cause unwanted side effects that could include dizziness, abdominal pain and diarrhea, indigestion, high blood pressure, insomnia, urinary and/or chest infections, fluid retention and edema. Among the major concerns in using Celecoxib is its cardiovascular safety. At therapeutic doses Celecoxib does not inhibit cyclo-oxygenase-1 enzyme and as such proves disadvantageous as it predisposes one to myocardial infarction and stroke among many other serious cardiovascular disorders (Richard, 2013). It however has a large therapeutic window making its effective at various concentrations without causing any addition problems. Glucosamine can also be used to relieve mild to moderate joint pain including knee osteoarthritis. It occurs naturally in the body and it is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the cartilages in the body. Its levels however decrease with age causing the breakdown of most joints. It is also artificially produced as a supplement in two main types; hydrochloride and sulfate (Keifer, 2016). The mechanism of action of glucosamine includes the reversal of the degenerative process in osteoarthritis. It is given orally with a bioavailability of 26% after first-pass metabolism. Its side effects are always mild with most developing after an overdose of the drug. They include stomach upsets, heartburn, edema, skin rash, tachycardia and headache. It is contraindicated in people with shellfish allergies and diabetes, and those who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Despite the many good proposed advantages of using glucosamine, a limited number of studies have conducted on the safety and optimal dosage of the drug and as such it is not recommended by the Arthritis Foundation (Safran, Zachazewski and Stone, 2012) as the definitive therapeutic window is not known. It also has not been scientifically proven to have an effect on tendons, ligaments nor reverse arthritis. Therefore, in advising Mr. Kasim on the most effective drug to use in an attempt to relieve his knee pain, I would suggest Celecoxib. This is because, for starters, Celecoxib has a wider therapeutic index meaning that its toxic concentrations are not easily arrived at and as such does not prove to be that big a risk as much as minimal toxic levels are concerned. Two, studies have proven it to be effective and safe for short term treatment of arthritis unlike glucosamine that has no prior comprehensive studies nor reports done and qualified as true as far as its safety and dosage are concerned. Also, the therapeutic effects indicated for glucosamine are speculative and not a true reflection of the drugs capabilities. The drug is not even recommended by the Arthritis Foundation. As a result, Celecoxib proves to be more effective in the short term treatment of arthritis despite its many side effects, contraindications and cardiovascular safety concerns. Boolean Operators Key words/ search terms/ phrases Alternative words P Pathophysiology of Knee pain Patello-femoral pain syndrome Arthritis I Celecoxib Celebrex C Glucosamine Joint pain relievers O Arthritis Causes of knee pain I chose to use the WebMD Medical References and MedScape databases. This is because I am familiar with the use of the two databases and the search results offered by the databases are always straight to the point and very relevant to the subject in question. Database: For this demonstration I will use the WebMD database. Action Search Mode Results Limiters I first opened my browser and keyed in WebMD Medical References and clicked on the search button Google A list of possible links to the WebMD page appeared Relevance to the search word In this browser home page I chose the first link to WebMD Google The WebMD website opened. Relevance to search word In the WebMD page that opened I first logged in using my credentials then clicked on Health A-z tab. Google A refined list of common health problems appeared. of peer-reviewed journals and scholarly articles that are significant to the search key term appeared Search word Glucosamine In the list I chose arthritis Google Commonly asked questions on arthritis as well as articles on arthritis appeared. Search word In an attempt to narrow down my research, I clicked on the types of arthritis Google A list of the types of arthritis appeared in a drop down toolbox. Tab chosen From these I chose arthritis of the knee Google A brief description under the osteoarthritis health center appeared. Chosen tab The search results that I obtained from the databases were very relevant to my PICO questions with the results providing direct and straight forward solutions for the questions I had set out to answer at end of the research. It was not time consuming and very good guidelines to the pharmacology of Celecoxib and glucosamine together with the pathophysiology explanation of knee pain. References Debasis, B., Hiroyoshi, M., and Siba, P. R. (2011). Arthritis: Pathophysiology, Prevention, and Therapeutics. Print. Hellen, A. (2014). Celecoxib Capsules for Pain and Inflammation (Celebrex). Patient Platform Limited. Retrieved from https://patient.info/medicine/celecoxib-capsules-for-pain-and-inflammation-celebrex. Accessed on 5th April, 2017. Keifer, D. (2016). Is Glucosamine Good for Joint Pain? WebMD Medical Reference. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/supplement-guide-glucosamine. Accessed on 5th April, 2017. Patrick, J. P., and Keith, A. S. (2017). Patello-femoral Syndrome. Medscape. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/308471-overview. Accessed on 5th April, 2017. Richard, A. L. (2013). Pharmacology for Nursing Care. 901. Print. Safran, M., Zachazewski, J., and Stone, D. A. (2012). Instructions for Sports Medicine Patients. 2nd Edition. Elsevier Inc.429. Print.

A New Experience free essay sample

I walk into the gym; all eyes turn to me. I am the only white person in the inner city community center. I feel like an outcast. The man at the door takes my bag as I walk through the metal detector. He gives me a hand shake, like those I had only seen in the movies- complicated with no pattern that seems to go on for an eternity. I freeze, stunned, does he not see who I am? How can he honestly think I am capable? I panic. To my rescue, familiar Hmong twins call me over and I join my basketball team, laughing at my inexperience. At the beginning of the season, I had the chance to join a local club, with the same girls I had been playing with my whole life, but instead, I took a risk. I live in a rural Wisconsin town, where the people act, talk, and look the same as me. We will write a custom essay sample on A New Experience or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I began high school with what was supposed to be a â€Å"huge change.† However, I was still repeating the same life, with what seemed the same facts and same faces. I thought to myself, this cannot be what the world consists of! Stepping out of my familiar community, and trying out for an inner city team, I became exposed to a completely new culture. No longer playing a slow set up and run offence, we would scrimmage, practicing an aggressive style of urban play based on confidence and attitude. I had begun with the hope of improving my game, but in turn, I received the opportunity to expand my understanding of cultures and diversity. I was the minority. There was a hierarchy to the team, everyone with their own place on the court. Being new, I was intimidated; no one seemed to care what I was doing or bother to learn my name. I was at the bottom of an unfamiliar group filled with tattoos, and bad parental relationships. Our only motivation for interaction was basketball. Fo r these girls, basketball was their future and for most of them, their only way to college. Over time, we earned respect from each other and subsequently learned to work together to improve our weaknesses. We learned to look past our appearances, and even our parents, to mature as a unit. On late nights at a $40 motel, we would stay up late describing our schools, families, and friends; comparing our lives that suddenly did not seem as different as they had once appeared. We were no longer a group of blacks, whites, and Asians, but a single team of friends trying to make it through high school with the chance of a future. We work together to succeed and never stop fighting until the buzzer sounds. We feed off each other’s energy, becoming familiar with the moods, attitude, and character of each individual. This played an important part in overcoming obstacles, adversity and a 6’ 7† post in our quest for reaching the Final Four of the Junior Olympics. While off t he court, they told me of divorced parents, violence at school, and teenage pregnancy. One teammate brought her one year-old child to practice because she could not afford child care. Some confided in me, wondering how they should deal with confused parents, who were hardly parenting at all. We were all there for each other, each one bringing something new from our varying upbringings. Eventually, I gained enough respect to become team captain. I was now the one to look up to, having grown from a scared, intimidated outcast, to a leader. I learned more than basketball on the court in those few short seasons, and more than relationships grew in our post game team discussions. I learned a new culture, where a simple handshake is the symbol of respect and admiration. I learned more about myself from the tattooed, rebellious, African-American teenage mother than I had from a lifetime spent looking at a mirror of white adolescence. Two years of playing with this team has given me an unde rstanding of what it truly meant to be diverse.

Foreign Direct Investment Impacts on the Economic Development

Introduction According to the definition presented by Borensztein and Gregorio (1997), foreign direct investment (FDI) is the process through which a corporation directly invests in a nation other than its parent country. On the other hand, Graham (1991) defined foreign direct investment as the process through which a company purchases or constructs tangible assets in a foreign nation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Direct Investment Impacts on the Economic Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These assets can be in the form of land, processing plants, machineries, equipments, buildings and so on. From these definitions, it is evident that FDI is a process through which a corporation invests in a foreign counry. In the process, both the corporation and the host nation benefit from this process in terms of economic gains. The concept of foreign direct investment has been present for several decade s now. Between 1985 and 1988 for instance, foreign direct investment within the United States of America increased from $47 billion to $139 billion (Graham, 1991). This remarkable increase in foreign direct investment was attributed to the high level of commercial inflow within the nation. Toyota is a prime example of a company that increased its investments in the automobile industry in the United States during the 1980s. As a result, therefore, the level of foreign ownership in the United States has increased tremendously. On the other hand, foreign direct investments have facilitated the economic growth of many countries especially in developing nations. Despite the fact that foreign direct investments do not have a huge impact on the capital gains of these nations, their resulting impacts on their economic growth has been changing over the years especially because there are alternative sources of finance to support FDIs in developing nations. Given these facts, therefore, this p aper will focus on the impacts of FDIs on the virtuous circle of economic development. To achieve this, the paper will analyze the impacts that FDIs have on the economy of a given nation and the resultant effects. The Impacts of FDI on the Host Nation In the modern world, FDIs play an important role in maintaining and developing the economies of developed nations, emerging economies, countries that are in transition as well as developing nations (Tulug, 2004). FDIs increase the level of employment within the host nation, bring about modernization and technological development, enhance the level of international trade, increase the level of competition among domestic companies and play a critical role in the development of human capital formation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other than achieving economic success, FDIs are also helpful in achieving social needs of host nat ions. Through social corporate responsibility schemes, FDIs can introduce modern technologies that are safe for the environment. At the same time, these corporations can start up programs that aim at alleviating common social problems such as drug abuse, HIV/AIDS prevention and management and so on. However, the success of FDIs highly relies on the policies that have been put in place by the host nation. These policies are essential in determining the relationship that will exist between the corporation, the host nation and the native population. The presence of well-defined policies is thus essential to ensure that the roles of each stakeholder are as well as the goals and objectives of the initiative have been clearly defined. Poor policies on the other hand might reduce the profitability of FDIs. The balance of payments might also be affected. Consequently, conflicts might arise between the host nation and investing corporations. At the same time, the native community might have negative attitudes and perceptions towards FDIs especially if they do not benefit either directly or indirectly from them. Therefore, to ensure that FDIs are successful in the short run and in the long run, a balance needs to be achieved between the benefits and shortcomings that can be accrued. It is as a result of this fact that several models have been developed to ensure that a virtuous circle of economic development is achieved. These models will not only guarantee that the goals and objectives of that have been set up through FDIs are achieved but also the economy of the host nation grows and develops at a remarkable rate. FDI and Economic Growth It has always been asserted that FDIs play a critical role in increasing the level of productivity and income in the host nation. However, it is difficult to ascertain precisely how FDIs achieve these goals (OECD, 2002). From studies that have been conducted, it is evident that FDIs have a huge economic impact as compared to local inv estments within the host nation. Thus, for FDIs to be successful, they have to venture into the market and the economy of the host nation as Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) (OECD, 2002). However, the effect that MNEs have on the economy of developing nations is somehow different. As Easterly (2003) asserted, the level of economic growth in developing nations is relatively low in terms of the impacts arising from MNEs as compared to the economies of developed nations. This trend has been attributed to the fact that fact that the level of education, technology, and infrastructural development in developing nations have not reached an optimum level to enable their economies to benefit fully from FDIs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Direct Investment Impacts on the Economic Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the same time, the impaired financial markets of developing nations act as a barrier t o economic development. Therefore, to achieve a virtuous circle of economic development, it has always been advised that either MNEs should initiate and be involved directly or indirectly in processes that will result in the development of infrastructure and improvement in the financial sector in host countries. FDI and Trade The goal of any nation is to achieve economic sustainability in the short run and in the long run. Industrialization is one of the avenues that play a critical role in achieving this goal. The level of industrialization in developing countries is very low. These nations import more than what they export. Such nations will therefore benefit from inward FDI contributions. Inward FDI is essential as it integrates the economy of developing nations by enhancing their level of foreign trade. Through MNEs, developing nations tend to develop strong international networks in different industrial segments. Ultimately, these networks will boost the manner and level in whi ch developing nations distribute, market, and sell their products at local and international levels. However, for all this to be realized, host nations need to have sound policies that will attract MNEs into their countries and support import and export processes (OECD, 2002). To support the trading activities of host nations, host nations need to improve their level of exports to ensure that a desirable balance of payments is achieved. Through inwards investments, FDIs can overcome the financial constrain of host nations through resource endowments (OECD, 2002). Here, MNEs explore and utilize the natural resources present in the host nation in a sustainable, effective and efficient manner hence increasing exports. The establishment of export processing zones (EPZ) has also enhanced the level of trade between host nations and the international community by increasing the level of imports and exports. From this analysis, therefore, it is evident that FDIs play a critical role in enha ncing the trade within host nations. FDI and Technology Transfers Technology transfer has always been regarded as the most important contribution of FDIs to host nations (OECD, 2002). In most cases, MNEs have superior technology as compared the domestic industries. Therefore, with the presence of modern technology, the processes of producing, distributing and salling of goods and services within and outside the host nation will be enhanced. Vertical integration is one of the channels through which technology spillovers from MNEs can become beneficial within the host nation. Here, MNEs impart the knowledge regarding new technologies to suppliers and purchases within the host nation through training, and provision of technical assistance that will ultimately modernize and upgrade the production process.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the process, the quality of goods and services produced within the nation are improved. Horizontal spillover is also another channel through which MNEs can introduce new technologies within the host nation where other firms within the same industry will benefit. However, due to competition, the rates of horizontal spillovers are usually low. However, for the host nation to benefit from technology transfer, the new technologies that have been introduced by the MNEs need to be in line with its business operations (OECD, 2002). Consequently, the difference in the level of technology between MNEs and domestic industries needs to be low. In the case where this difference is wide, firms within the host nation may fail to fully absorb the newly introduced technologies. FDI and Human Capital Enhancement Unlike the other FDI benefits that have a direct impact on the economy of the host nation, the impact that FDIs have on human capital investment is indirect. Consequently, it has been ide ntified that MNEs play a minimal role in enhancing human capital within the host nation (Tulug, 2004). It is thus the responsibility of the government of the host nation to ensure that its population is highly qualified and skilled to provide the established MNEs with the human capital that they require to support their operations. Therefore, scholars regard this practice as a strategy for host nations to attract FDI in their countries. However, once MNEs have been established, they usually offer training and extension services to their employees. This is essential as it improves the skills and knowledge of the local population. As Borensztein and Gregorio (1997) asserted, there are individuals who use the skills, knowledge, and experience that they have acquired from MNEs to start up their own enterprises. However, just like in the case of technology, the education gap between MNEs and the host nation should be minimal to ensure the spillover process is effective and successful in the short run and in the long run. To achieve this, it is advised that the host nation should educate its people to meet the skills and requirements that might arise as a result of setting up MNEs. FDI and Competition Through FDI, MNEs exert a lot of pressure on the host nations’ markets. Competition always exerts pressure on the firms that are currently operating in a given market. Therefore, the entrance of MNEs in a given industry will greatly enhance the level of competition the respective industry. However, it has always been stated that due to the influence that they have, MNEs outcompete domestic firms. This eventually leads to their exit of domestic firms from the market (OECD, 2002). However, recent results from empirical studies that have been conducted by several scholars reveal that increased competition has positive impacts on the economy of host nations since it increases the level of productivity, reduces the selling price, and supports the equitable distributi on of resources within the industry. All these factors play a critical role in establishing a stable and sustainable economy in the short run and in the long run. Therefore, host nations need to come up with policies that will increase the ease at which MNEs can enter into their markets. Conclusion In the modern economy, FDIs play a critical role in the development and growth the global economy. However, developing nations have not fully benefited from the presence of FDIs within their economies. Therefore, with proper policies in place, FDIs will play a critical role in enhancing trade in developing nations at national and international levels, improve their level of technology, enhance their human capital, and increase the level of competition. As a result, their production levels will be increased and firms will operate in an effective and efficient manner hence supporting economic growth and development through maximization of profits, improved balance of payments, stability of domestic industries as well as MNEs and an increased support from the local community. This will ensure the sustainability of the host nation’s economy in the short run and in the long run. References Borensztein, E and Gregorio, J 1997, How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth. Web. Easterly, W 2003, ‘How much do distortions affect growth’, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 32 no. 1, pp. 187–212 Graham, E 1991, Foreign direct investment in the United States, Institute for International Economics, Washington DC OECD 2002, Foreign direct investment for development: Maximizing benefits, minimizing costs, viewed on http://www.oecd.org/investment/investmentfordevelopment/1959815.pdf Tulug, O 2004, ‘What drives foreign direct investment into emerging markets’, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, vol. 40 no. 4, pp. 101-114. This essay on Foreign Direct Investment Impacts on the Economic Development was written and submitted by user Giancarlo Alvarez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Case Study - Let it Pour MGT350 UOP

Case Study - Let it Pour MGT350 UOP The article entitled: "Let it pour - My First Assignment as Executive Assistant", poses three major problems facing the Faith Community Hospital organization. Chris Smith was recently promoted to the position of Executive Assistant, and is tasked with helping the troubled Chief Executive Officer solve these issues. Chris has recently graduated from the University of Phoenix, and is very excited about the prospect of helping the CEO with such an important task. The problems facing the hospital appear to be important to the success of the hospital and are vital to Chris' continued success as an Executive Assistant.Step 1: Identify the ProblemAfter studying the case study, two primary issues appear to present the bulk of Pat's (CEO) problems. The first problem stems from the fact that: "medical errors cause tens of thousands of deaths each year, close to 100,000 in hospitals alone" (University of Phoenix material, n.d.).Chris TrotterThe CEO is concerned with the ethical and legal aspect s of Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) directives and the moral and religious affect that these directives have on the hospital's customer base. DNR directives concern the patient's right to refuse treatment after they feel the treatments received will reach a point of diminishing return. This is a very sensitive topic and has been actively debated for many years. The CEO has a very controversial decision to make on this topic.The second important issue facing the Pat and Chris is the rising cost of healthcare and the most effective way of keeping the hospital from losing money. Although Faith Community Hospital is technically a "not for profit" organization, the Board of Directors still need to see "profit" in order for Pat to keep his job and for the hospital to remain in operation. Pat and Chris have...

Fight Club Novel essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fight Club Novel - Essay Example People are always asking, did I know about Tyler Duren† (Palahniuk 1). The post modern style of writing is a convergence of different forms of critical theory, deconstructionist approaches and particular reader-response strategies. The most important characteristic of post modern literature is the use of neatly tied-up ending. This characteristic is favored by post modern writers because it celebrates chance over craft, in addition to employing meta-fiction in order to undermine the authority of a writer. The novel is post modern because the writer creates an idea and clarifies it before fragmenting the story. The novel is about a character rather than a story. It is written in a manner that shows that it is a sketch about a certain character. In the first chapter, the narrator is counting down the clock and he discusses how to make a bomb with his friend. In the second chapter, the story is fragmented because the narrator appears to be in a group session. The narrator states, â€Å"Bob’s big arms were closed around to hold me inside and I was squeezed in the dark between Bob’s new sweating tits that hang enormous† (Palahniuk 4). The author of the novel succeeded in creating a character or idea about the character. He also clarified the character as a person who was experiencing a form of psychological problem. In one instance, the character is talking about his friend Tyler, and how Tyler helped him secure a job as a waiter. The next minute, he is talking about bombs with a gun in his mouth. The fact that he is embracing someone shows that he has started rehabilitation. Since the idea of the film is the character of the narrator, the author did not give the narrator a name. Readers are left with ambiguity particularly with regards to the narrator. Post modernism is also shown in the conditions of the characters and their self involvement. During one of the support groups, the narrator notes, â€Å"the only woman here at Remaining Men Together, the

DRAMA OF DIVERSITY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DRAMA OF DIVERSITY - Assignment Example It is my personality around those I do not know well that has led to me being labeled and judged unfairly. At several different junctures throughout my life, I have dealt with people who are acquaintances or people that I come into contact with casually. Sometimes, when I engage these people in a conversation, they will tell me straight to my face that they believed I was really stuck up or arrogant before talking to me. I am always astounded and hurt at this revelation. I was brought up to be a humble and well-mannered person, so having these people label me in this fashion is extremely upsetting. I then have to tell these people that I am merely a quiet and reserved person, but this doesn’t change the fact that their words sting me. I can’t help but want to point out the fact that their actions in relaying this label to me shows me a lot about their character. In the end, I just have to remind myself that everyone judges and labels others. I think that the most unfair judgements and labels are those that are formed without knowing a person at all. Essentially, this kind of judgement reminds me of a person being sentenced in a courtroom without the ability to showcase evidence to the contrary. It is because of my own experiences with unfair judgements, that I make it a point to not judge a person, especially if I don’t know them very

Sartres Impact of Divine Absence in Existentialism Essay

Sartres Impact of Divine Absence in Existentialism - Essay Example Sartre divides his theory of existence into two basic categories, which he refers to as "en-soi" (in-itself) and "pour-soi" (for-itself), both of which are derived from his theory of consciousness. En-soi existence is a classification of solid things, that is, everyday objects or substances that exist completely by themselves. This explanation becomes clearer in comparison to the category of pour-soi, which is a being of consciousness that defines itself because it is not something else. Pour-soi recognizes a distance between itself and something that is not itself, a nothingness in between the two, while at the same time being conscious of itself. Being for-itself can only exist through consciousness of an outside object. This act of distance is a state of nothing unique to the consciousness of humans, for through this act of separation, one raises questions and realizes possibilities of what is "not" (i.e. a quality lacking from the situation or environment). For example, should an individual be hungry, they can imagine a future time when they will no longer be hungry. This example can be applied to anything the human mind can imagine. It is the meaning behind Sartre's statement that "the self as not being what it is and being what it is not", because the conscious mind chooses not to accept the reality of what "is", but instead work towards the possibility of what currently "is not". Sartre uses the example of a friend not being at a caf, stating that although the caf is there, he recognizes his friend's absence, thereby inserting an amount of negativity, or nothingness, to the restaurant. By imagining a lack of something, one distances oneself from the world. This nothingness, or lack, that has been inserted into the caf tableau is actually therefore a projection of the nothingness within oneself. The power of conscious negation in this sense is synonymous with freedom - freedom to imagine the possible and, therefore, freedom to actualize the possibility. The state of being conscious demands the self to constantly choose both belief and action. Sartre's approach that consciousness is free at all times is in direct conflict with Freud's model of the unconscious: consciousness is instead transparent and must make a choice in the here and now, regardless of what has happened in the past. However, this does not mean that the self, as subject, cannot be objectified. The most direct route to this relates to Sartre's example of someone caught looking through a keyhole. Through recognition that another consciousness is regarding the self in an objective manner, whether it be quantitative of the physical self's facticity (such as height, weight, ethnicity, et cetera) or judgmentally (as in assumption of purpose), the self is forced to recognize itself in an equally objective manner. The self in turn defends itself by objectifying the other consciousness. While humans are able to act upon possibilities to make them a reality, they cannot change their essence. Sartre admits that one can choose a life project - in his case, writing - but that the very act of defining oneself is "bad faith", in that it is either 1)

Womens Pathways into Crime | Research Project

Womens Pathways into Crime | Research Project EXPLORING WOMEN’S PATHWAYS INTO CRIME AT CHIKURUBI FEMALE PRISON WASHINGTON BONGANI NGULUBE Introduction The study of female crimes has been limited when compared to the study of male crimes. This research focuses on the why there has been an increase in women participating or committing criminal activities particularly armed robbery at Chikurubi Female Prison in Harare. This chapter will highlight the background to the topic of study and the reasons which prompted the researcher to purpose the research (statement of the problem). The chapter will also bring to light purpose of the study, research questions, and significance of the study. Assumptions, delimitations and limitations are eluded to in this chapter. Key terms which are significant to exploring women’s pathways into crime are also defined in this chapter. Background to the study There is a common perception that the criminal behaviour of women were not serious problems. Women are more likely to commit minor offenses and have historically constituted a very small proportion of the main population. But these facts mask a trend that is beginning to attract attention henceforth motivating the researcher to embark on the quest to get answers to these changes. The research seeks to give the reasons to why there has been an increase in women’s participation in criminal activities particularly armed robbery. The research will be conducted at Chikurubi Female Prison which is located in Harare, Zimbabwe. The student had the privilege to work at Parliament of Zimbabwe during the work related learning in 2013 and 2014. Henceforth the research study is a result of the student’s observations while working for the Parliament of Zimbabwe. The Women and Men in Zimbabwe periodic report in ZIMSTAT (2012) states that Zimbabwe has a population of approximately 12 973 808. Whereas, men constitute approximately 6 738 877 (48%) while women constitute 6 234 931 (52%). Harare is further evidenced as the Province with the largest population of 16.2 percent of the total population in Zimbabwe (ZIMSTAT, 2012). More so, the Women and Men in Zimbabwe periodic report in ZIMSTAT (2012) further brings to light that 48 percent of the female population is in the age group 15- 49. One would further argue that this is the reproductive age group among females. The drastic rise in women’s pathways into crime is fairly well known, less so is that the ranks of women crimes are increasing much faster than those of their male counterparts. However, there are no ready statistics but police and court cases show that the country now has a breed of female criminals, who are terrorizing the public and acting in cahoots with male accomplices. Women in Zimbabwe now have the dexterity to pinch from financial coffers, carry out highway robberies right up to raiding service stations while heavily armed to the teeth. About 3 499 people were kidnapped and robbed by pirate taxis and kombi drivers working in cahoots with female robbers countrywide last year (Butaumocho, 2014). Ibid further states that the situation is more pronounced in Harare where at least 1 200 cases of kidnapping and robberies by public transport drivers working in cahoots with female accomplices were recorded in the last quarter of 2013. One may argue that such cases of engaging in violent crimes like robbery have for long been considered a male domain because of the risks involved that include shoot outs and highway chases that may result in death. Women evidently are now participants of such criminal activities. The pace at which women are being convicted of serious offenses is picking up faster than the pace at which men are convicted. These dynamics motivated the student to embark into an academic research exploring the reasons to these changes (increase) between the period 2011 and 2014. ZIMSTA (2011) notes that 432 females were imprisoned during the 3rd quarter of 2011. The total number of prison admissions in the 3rd quarter of 2011 increased by 21 percent when compared to the 2nd quarter of 2011 while the number of new female prisoners increased by 10 percent in Zimbabwe. In comparison with the 4th quarter of 2012, a total 9 111 prisoners were admitted into prisons, consisting of 8 509 males and 602 females. ZIMSTA (2012) 4th quarterly report further reveals that female prisoners increased by 31 percent in the period under view. Harare province recorded to be having the highest number female prisoners indicating 155 prisoners. What animates the studies is not so much numbers of offenders but the particular circumstances of the women and girls â€Å"behind† the numbers. The involvement of women in robberies might be a fairly new phenomenon in Zimbabwe, the problem is being experienced in a number of countries across the globe. However, Harare as the capital city of Zimbabwe is evidently recording the highest female crime participation rate. Statement of the problem The student felt that there is a notable gap in literature and inadequate extensive research on the women’s pathways into crime in Zimbabwe. When a woman commits a crime, the usual explanation is that it is involuntary, defensive or a result of some mental illness or hormonal imbalance inherent in the female physiology. Engaging in violent crime for example, robbery has for long been considered a male domain because of the risks involved that include shoot outs and highway chases that may result in death. Zimbabwe seems to have recorded a disturbing increase in the involvement of woman in armed robberies, rape and other criminal activities in the past 3 years. There is no clear explanation for the increase of female robbers or participation of women in criminal activities. Could this be a result of women’s increased masculinity? Or the environment playing a significant influence on women’s participation into crime? Is it as a result of gender based violence? Such questions the research seeks to address in at Chikurubi Female Prison Significance of the study The study will shed light on what are the motivating factors which prompt the increase of women’s pathways into crime particularly in armed robbery. It is of paramount importance to assess the impact of the environment on the increase of women’s pathways into crime. The significance of the study to the: Government This research will be an eye opener for the Government and the Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs and other government parastatals (Police, correctional services) to come up with effective polices and interventions on improving social order and deal with these crimes. Communities This research will help other women to avoid the pathways into crime and will help understand why other women participate in criminal activities. Future researchers The increase of women’s pathways into crime is a serious national and community problem which has to be addressed and thoroughly researched on. This research will help future researchers come up with ways to understanding the factors behind the increased women’s pathways into crime. The researcher The research will benefit the researcher as he aspires to further his studies in forensic psychology. Therefore, in carrying out this research, the researcher will gain valuable insight and knowledge into the subjects as he also fulfils the requirements to obtain an Honours Degree in Psychology. Research questions The research was based on the following questions: What are the psychological factors contributing to women’s pathways into crime? What are the contribution of socio-economic factors leading to women’s pathways into crime? How does culture influence women’s pathways into crime? Assumptions The research was based on the assumption that: Women are weaker than men. Purpose of the study The sole purpose of the research was to investigate the mitigating factors to increase of women participation into crime particularly in armed robbery. The research used the results to implement effective ways to help women in prisons to recover and it will also help to understand why women commit such criminal offences. Delimitations of the study The study was confined to focusing on pathways into crime and having women prisoners as the research subjects. Limitations Disclosure The researcher encountered a challenge in gathering information regarding women’s involvement and participation in criminal activities at CFP as they considered the information to be highly sensitive. Obtaining information from the subjects may also be a challenge. Therefore, the researcher sought permission first from the Department of Prisons Services Headquarters. Data collection procedures Data can be unreliable in the event participants choose not to participate. The researcher used popcorns and chips as incentives in order to motivate participates of participate. Time and financial constraints This research was conducted concurrently with final year modules. Time to effectively cover all issues and aspects involved in carrying out a proper research was restricted. There were a lot of resources needed for printing, internet research, typing and travelling which also put strain on the available resources. Therefore, the researcher came up with a budget and time plan which guided the researcher in efficient time and resource allocation. Definition of terms Women These are adult female humans (Wehmier, 2005). Pathways These are plans along or a way of achieving something (Wehmier, 2005). Crime This refers to those activities which break the law of the land and are subject to official punishment (Haralambos,0000). Summary This chapter provided the background to the area of study as well as highlighting the statement of the problem. The significance of the study, assumptions, purpose of the study, limitations and delimitations have also been addressed. This chapter also outlined the research questions. More so, the relevant terms to the research have been defined. Case Study: Impact of Type 1 Diabetes Case Study: Impact of Type 1 Diabetes Title: Knowledge required for decision making in adult nursing Introduction. This essay is primarily about the impact of Type 1 diabetes on a particular patient. It will consider not only the relevance of Type 1 diabetes to the patient and how they coped with it, but, in this particular case, how they also dealt with the health deviation of the development of a particularly severe peripheral neuropathy and the impact that the latter had on both their quality of life and their lifestyle. It is notable that the development of this complication had an impact not only on the patient, but also on both the family and his other informal carers. There is no consent form for this essay as the patient’s details have been annonymised. Rationale for choice of client and the health deviation. (200 words ) This essay will consider the case of Mr. J who is a 54 yr old postman. He was found to have Type 1 diabetes four years ago which was promptly diagnosed and brought under control with Insulin. Over the last six months he had developed painful legs and feet. Initially he ignored this, putting it down to â€Å"just getting older† and â€Å"circulationâ€Å". It got progressively worse however, to the point that he could not work. He took early retirement, a move which he later regretted. He was diagnosed with peripheral diabetic neuropathy. It was notable that Mr. J initially presented as a particularly stoic individual who made light of every adversity. His subsequent development of the neuropathy and retirement seemed to generate a marked change in his approach to life. He became withdrawn and resentful and difficult to live with. This was a major factor in his treatment plan. My initial contact with Mr. J came in the context of a primary health care setting when he presented at the diabetic clinic for a follow up appointment. He appeared to be particularly negative about his condition and we got into a conversation. I became interested in his situation and followed him up in some detail. Pathophysiology of the health deviation and its effect on the client. ( 1400 words). This essay is primarily about Mr. J and his peripheral neuropathy. This section will begin however, with a brief overview of the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus There are two primary types of diabetes mellitus Types 1 and 2. Type 1 diabetes occurs when there is an autoimmune process which culminates in the destruction of the ß cells of the pancreas together with a consequent reduction in the amount of circulating Insulin produced. (Meigs, J.B et al. 2003). Type 2 diabetes occurs when the circulating levels of insulin are insufficient to effectively control the glucose levels within normal limits. In clinical terms, this results in a high blood sugar level in association with high levels of circulating Insulin. A number of studies have suggested that Type 2 diabetes accounts for more than 95% of all cases. (Narayan, K.M et al. 2003). In broad terms, the control of both types of diabetes mellitus requires rigorous attention to dietary intake of carbohydrates and calories and a controlled exercise regime. Type 1 diabetes is invariably treated with insulin and Type 2 diabetes may be controlled with diet alone (with or without weight loss) and the possibility of oral hypoglycaemic drugs. Peripheral diabetic neuropathy Peripheral diabetic neuropathy is a comparatively common complication of diabetes mellitus and some studies suggest that it can affect up to 50% of diabetic patients (viz. Boulton A J M et al. 2000). The development of the neuropathy is a feared complication as it is likely to predispose the patient to a number of sequelae including varying degrees of functional limitation together with the possibility of unremitting pain and motor unsteadiness. (Reiber G E et al. 1999). Its end stage sequelae include intractable diabetic foot ulceration and amputation. (Pecoraro R E et al. 2000). Virtually all of these elements are associated with very substantial health care costs, quite apart from major socio-economic consequences such as loss of work time and a reduced quality of life. (Rathman W et al. 2003) A number of studies (viz. Vileikyte L 1999 and Vileikyte L et al. 2005) have presented the association of peripheral diabetic neuropathy with depressive illness. This is clearly relevant to Mr. J in this case and therefore will be explored in some detail. The literature on the subject is contradictory with the meta-analysis by de Groot (de Groot M et al. 2001) finding little evidence to support the association. It is fair to comment that part of the reason for this apparent discrepancy may be due to the reason that there was a considerable variation in the techniques used to diagnose peripheral diabetic neuropathy which meant that different populations were included in different studies. (Boulton A J M et al. 1999) This comment is based on the discovery that different types of nerve fibre are affected in different types of peripheral diabetic neuropathy and in different individuals. It follows that more than one modality of testing is required to establish a diagnosis. A second factor is that the severity of the neuropathy, as determined by objective testing, actually correlates poorly with the subject’s assessment of their pain levels. Patients (such as Mr. J) who have high levels of perceived pain, may have remarkably preserved sensory function on clinical testing. Some authorities have argued that this may demonstrate a central processing component to the subjective appreciation of the pain from neuropathy. It is known that less that 10% of patients who have a peripheral diabetic neuropathy have severely painful symptoms and many experience no symptoms of pain at all. (Chan A W et al. 1999) The pathophysiology of peripheral diabetic neuropathy still remains unknown in any detail but there is evidence that metabolic and ischaemic components are implicated. (Leon C et al. 2007). Chronic hyperglycaemia is known to be associated with small blood vessel disease and therefore reduced blood flow to the nerves. It is also known to interfere with myoinositol, sorbitol and fructose metabolism, all of which are essential for nerve activity. (Dyck P J B et al. 2003) There is also thought to be a mechanism of oxidative stress that is important. Free oxygen radicals (produced in diabetes mellitus) activate protein kinase C which has been shown to produce damage to nerve cells. A number of papers show that there is a link between the degree of control of the diabetes mellitus, the length of time since diagnosis and the eventual development of peripheral diabetic neuropathy (viz. Pirart J 1977) Consider how this health deviation impacts upon the clients journey through health care. (500 words) In consideration of the specific case of Mr. J, one can note that his diabetes mellitus was diagnosed four years ago. He presented with the classic symptoms of suddenly feeling unwell, frequency of urination and increasing thirst (polyuria and polydypsia). He was correctly and promptly diagnosed by the GP and referred to the local diabetic clinic where he was swiftly brought under control with injected insulin. Mr. J proved to be a good patient. Considerations of empowerment and education of the patient paid dividends with Mr. J rapidly learning about his condition and he became very competent in managing it on a day to day basis, learning how to adjust the insulin doses himself. (Howe A et al. 2003). The impact of the development of his peripheral diabetic neuropathy cannot be overstated. It was responsible for his decision to retire early, a decision which he rapidly regretted. He became depressed and withdrawn, taking little pride in his appearance and less care with his glycaemic control. He was initially treated with anti depressants (with marginal success). At the time of writing he is undergoing a course of cognitive behaviour therapy to try to remedy the situation. His HbA1 levels, which were initially exemplary, became erratic and are only now coming back to normal levels. His peripheral diabetic neuropathy was diagnosed with the specialist using a number of diagnostic tools including electro-diagnostic studies (EDS), cardiovascular autonomic function testing (cAFT) together with physical examination scoring, quantitative sensory testing (QST) (Meijer J W G 2002) It is known that peripheral diabetic neuropathy is notoriously resistant to treatment. There are four basic elements: causal treatment aimed at (near)-normoglycemia, treatment based on pathogenetic mechanisms, symptomatic treatment avoidance of risk factors and complications. (CS 1998) At this time the only specific treatment licensed for peripheral diabetic neuropathy is alpha-lipoic acid. This may be assisted by specific analgesics such as duloxetine and pregabalin, otherwise treatment is symptomatic and the treatment of subsidiary factors (such as alcohol intake, hypertension, smoking and cholesterol control) to prevent a worsening of the condition. Potential influences of the health deviation on the long term well being of the client and family significant others. ( 600 words ) The impact of Mr. J’s condition on the life of the family has been considerable. All family members were very positive about his primary diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. His development of secondary conditions such as the peripheral diabetic neuropathy and the depression were far more challenging. Mrs J complained that he was difficult to live with, lost all interest in sexual matters, had poor self esteem and started to self neglect. The primary health care diabetic nurses spent as much time supporting (empowerment and education) Mrs J as they did Mr. J. It remains to be seen how Mr. J progresses with his cognitive behaviour therapy and his depression. Mrs J blames his early retirement on the development of his depression rather than the peripheral diabetic neuropathy. One can only hope that Mr. J does not progress to foot ulceration and a further reduction in his quality of life. Learning gained. (150) words. The research that I have done into this condition has given me a must more complete knowledge of the pathophysiology of peripheral diabetic neuropathy together with the treatment and support that is necessary for both the patient and his informal carers. It has become quite clear that it is simply not sufficient to control the diabetes mellitus, the patient and their extended family will need huge amounts of both information and support if their condition is to be optimally managed Specifically I have realised just how important it is to make a holistic assessment of the patient at the earliest opportunity, to gain an empathetic bond early on so that it becomes easier to identify problems at their earliest stage rather than waiting for the patient to present them at a stage when they are more difficult to manage. (Marinker M.1997) Conclusion (50 words) . This essay revolves around the appreciation of how difficult some patients find it to adapt to the illness role when they have been fit and active throughout their lives. It is one of the challenges of the good healthcare professional to understand and to pre-empt some of these adaptive processes to help their patients accommodate this transition. (Newell N et al. 1992). I believe that Mr. J has made some progress with dealing with his condition but there is clearly a long way yet for him to go. References Boulton A J M, Gries F A, Jervell J A: (1999) Guidelines for the diagnosis and outpatient management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabet Med 15: 508 – 514, 1999 Boulton A J M, Malik R A, Arezzo J, Sosenko J M: (2000) Diabetic neuropathy: technical review. Diabetes Care 27: 1458 – 1487, 2000 Chan A W, MacFarlane I A, Bowsher D R: (1999) Chronic pain in patients with diabetes mellitus: comparison with non-diabetic population. Pain Clinics 3: 147 – 159, 1999 CS (1998) Consensus statement: Report and recommendations of the San Antonio conference on diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 11: 592 – 597, 1998 de Groot M, Anderson R, Freedland K E, Clouse R E, Lustman P J: (2001) Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 63: 619 – 630, 2001 Dyck P J B, Sinnreich M. (2003) Diabetic Neuropathies. Continuum 2003; 9: 19 – 34 Howe and Anderson (2003) Involving patients in medical education. BMJ, Aug 2003 ; 327 : 326 328. Leon C, Asif A (2007) Arteriovenous Access and Hand Pain: The Distal Hypoperfusion Ischemic Syndrome. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2007; 2 (1): 175 183. Marinker M. (1997) From compliance to concordance: achieving shared goals in medicine taking. BMJ 1997; 314: 747 – 8. Meigs, J. B. et al. (2003) . Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in the San Antonio Heart and Framingham Offspring Studies. Diabetes. 52 :: 2160 2167. Meijer J W G, Smit A J, van Sonderen E, Groothoff J W, Eisma W H, Links T P: (2002) Symptom scoring systems to diagnose distal polyneuropathy in diabetes: the Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom score. Diabet Med 19: 962 – 965, 2002 Narayan, K M., Boyle, J P., Thompson, T J., Sorensen, S W., and Williamson, D F. (2003). Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA. 290 :: 1884 1890 Newell and Simon. (1992) Human Problem Solving. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs: 1992. Pecoraro R E, Reiber G E, Burgess E M: (2000) Pathways to diabetic limb amputation: basis for prevention. Diabetes Care 13: 513 – 521, 2000 Pirart J. (1977) Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications: a prospective study of 4400 patients observed between 1947 and 1973 (third and last part). Diabetes Metab 1977; 3: 245 – 56. Rathman W, Ward J: (2003) Socioeconomic aspects. In Textbook of Diabetic Neuropathy. Gries F A, Cameron N E, Low P A, Ziegler D, Eds. Stuttgart, Thieme, 2003, p. 361 – 372 Reiber G E, Vileikyte L, Lavery L, Boyko E M, Boulton A J M: (1999) Causal pathways for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settings. Diabetes Care 22: 157 – 162, 1999 Vileikyte L: (1999) Psychological aspects of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Rev 7: 387 – 394, 1999 Vileikyte L, Leventhal H, Gonzalez J S, Peyrot M et al. (2005) Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Depressive Symptoms. The association revisited. Diabetes Care 28: 2378 2383, 2005 ################################################################ 3.7.08 Word count 2,425 PDG

Homelessness Essay -- essays research papers

Homelessness in our society. The existence of homeless people in our society is still evident today. Everywhere you look around our cities, parks and streets it is likely that you will witness a homeless person struggling to survive. This is most certainly a social justice issue, every Australian deserves a secure and comfortable place to dwell, not left on the streets to perish. In society the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer. People today are far to driven by work and money to see the problem of homelessness surrounding them. Those very reasons explain why I chose this topic to create an advertising campaign. On the 23rd of June, 1987 the Hawke government promised us this. â€Å"For our next term, we are setting achievable goals for Australia’s future in the world†¦. So we set ourselves this goal: By 1990, no Australian child will be living in poverty.† If only this goal was achievable. Between the years of 1991 and 1994, the number of young Australians between the ages of twelve and eighteen living in poverty had doubled to twenty one thousand. The government does not do enough to help the homeless, although some people are homeless due to their own wishes, there are many people on the streets that do not choose to live as they do. People are homeless because they may have lost their jobs, evicted from their homes, teenagers that run away from families and teenagers that are ‘thrown away’ by families who no longer want them. Every year, nearly twenty seven thousa...

Child Development Article Review Essay

This article is about studying children’s sleep patterns to see if sleep disorders may be a direct correlation to behavior problems within children. Could sleep issues be the cause for such issues like ADHD and other behavior related illnesses including psychiatric disorders? According to John Bates, Richard Viken, Douglas Alexander, Jennifer Beyers, and Lesley Stockton, there are many behavior related disorders that could be related to how much sleep a child receives, along with the age and quality of sleep. Many parents who have children with behavior related issues are realizing that the quality of sleep may be directly related. There may be many factors that can be discussed and taken into consideration, including environmental factors, developmental factors, income of families, and genetic inheritance as well. There are many types of sleep disturbances that need to be looked at since many young children experience different forms of sleep disturbances such as, night waking, sleep walking, resistance to bed time routine, delay, and trouble falling asleep. Survey showed that 42% of 12 -35 month olds had problematic bedtime resistance, and 35% of all others have night waking issues. (Bates, E. Bates et all p.62) Sleeping disorders in the young child can have a negative impact on the brain, inadequate amounts of sleep can cause a child not to perform up to their potential, resulting with stress. Stress causes a number of issues within the child, such as overworking brain functions, misfiring of neurons, and stress hormones being over produced. Then the effects of daily day to day functions are disrupted within the child causing poor concentration and incapability’s in daily routines. Three main issues to think about when understanding child sleep disorders is that 1. Insomnia in the young child may forecast psychological disorders. 2. Sleep is not well understood in the young child but can be thought of as social and biological. 3. Relations to environment, genetic inheritance, developmental factors all need to be considered. 4. Sleep issues in the young child can have a negative impact on social, emotional, cognitive and physical development. 5. Age and quality amounts of sleep are factors that need to be considered when studying sleep disturbances in young children. This article touches on many different aspects on how sleep issues can develop into very serious conditions in children. Good healthy sleep patterns are key to a healthy child and if the child is experience irregularities in sleep then the parents or care giver should look into what maybe causing the disturbances. If that child experiences this continuously then that caregiver should really look more into the underlying issues with a medical professional. Sleep disturbances can be related to a multitude of developmental problems. Parents, teachers and caregivers should be aware of signs and symptoms of lack of sleep and try to monitor or regulate good sleep habits. Good sleep habits in a child can be so positive and so beneficial. It’s important for parents and caregivers to know they are not alone when trying to combat sleep issues in the young child, many children go through stages of mild sleep disturbances.

The Definition of Public Relations

The Definition of Public Relations Free Online Research Papers The task of defining Public Relations is difficult because the scope of work is different as it pertains to a particular organization or individual, and the responsibilities vary. As well, the PR industry refers to relations or dealings with the public, but publics can vary as well. Through segmentation, publics can be defined or classified as various types. PR often refers to the â€Å"buzz† surrounding an individual or organization. When the entity is talked about, it becomes recognized, and public opinion begins to formulate. Definitions throughout the years have tried to capture all the PR entails. What makes defining PR challenging is that it is a relatively new industry, in terms of being recognized in a corporate environment. As well, technological advancements and legislation has affected PR in the last few decades, therefore changing the scope of duties from a PR professional. Though many have attempted to define PR, the one commonality among all definitions is that it refers to the influence of public opinion. Here is a look at three definitions, and a personal definition of Public Relations. Though the definition dates back to around 1923, one current definition is stated, according to Fraser Seitel (2004) as: Public relations is a planned process to influence public opinion, through sound character and proper performance, based on mutually satisfactory two-way communication.† Similarly, to describe a PR professional, â€Å"public relations practitioner is a manager/orchestrator/producer/director/writer/arranger and all-around general communications counsel to management. It is for this reason, then, that the process works best when the public relations director reports to the CEO. (p.10) The first definition, listed by Seitel, seems to provide a modern, accurate description of what PR encompasses. Breaking it down, Seitel mentions it is a â€Å"planned process.† This means the work done behind the scenes in preparation for any PR efforts. This refers to the communication with management, stakeholders, employees, customers, political groups, and all publics. By gathering this information, the PR professional is armed with the appropriate information to represent an organization effectively. Going further, â€Å"to influence public opinion.† This fragment clearly describes the essence of PR, which is an effort to change, modify, or influence a publics attitudes and thoughts that will turn into behaviors and actions. The purpose of including the second part of the definition by Seitel, in which he describes the PR professional, is to further show what roles are included in PR. The person or persons truly serve as an overall communications counselor or entity in that they are consistently forming and maintaining relationships, writing, researching, managing, creating, and searching for opportunities to communicate with their various publics. The job does not focus on one particular skill, rather, requires multiple skills and characteristics for success in influencing public opinion. The official statement adopted by the PRSA Assembly (November, 1982) states that: â€Å"Public relations helps our complex, pluralistic society to reach decisions and function more effectively by contributing to mutual understanding among groups and institutions. It serves to bring private and public policies into harmony.† The PRSA, like Seitel, mentions the importance of two-way communication with publics by using the phrase â€Å"mutual understanding.† The official statement mentions the complexity of society and gently describes that again, PR is to influence public opinion, but takes the definition a step further by pointing out that PR should pointedly assist the public in reaching decisions and not just shape the decisions. As well, the statement implies that without PR, society’s public opinion would not function as effectively and harmoniously. The statement continues by mentioning the various organizations that need PR. Also, organizations must be able to effectively influence public opinion in order to meet their goals. The Council of Public Relations Firms (Eggerston, 2006) says: â€Å"In their service to clients, public relations firms play a vital role in encouraging public discourse. The professionalism and objectivity of our firms helps clients engage in that discourse, and clients turn to us for our counsel and assistance to vigorously pursue their organizational goals in educating or persuading audiences that matter most to them.† In the third definition, again, influencing public opinion is made known in this definition, and in the first sentence. The softer word, encourage, however is used. This particular definition stresses the importance of professionalism and objectivity. A lack of objectivity could be seen as fraudulent activity, thus producing a PR nightmare. It is imperative to maintain objectivity, flexibility, and admit humility when necessary. Publics respond well to facts. Facts are used to persuade public opinion. Therefore, maintaining objectivity in line with facts is often a successful way to maintain positive public opinion. This particular definition reflects how professionalism can certainly influence public opinion. Given the research and definitions reviewed, a personal definition would be: â€Å"Public Relations is the creation, management, and maintenance of communicating with various publics to establish and promote two-way communication, and aid in the persuasion of positive public opinion towards an organization or individual. Objectivity, professionalism, and understanding societal differences is the key to assisting the influence of a public’s opinion and society as a whole.† The personal definition mentions PR’s overall goal – to influence public opinion. However, this definition lists the methods and responsibilities in doing such. As well, the definition states that there are, in fact, different publics as well as society in general without being too specific or convoluted. Though the definition of PR has evolved over the past 100 years, and the methods of delivery have changed, the overall message remains the same. If there was no effort to influence public opinion, PR would not exist. However, for centuries have various governments, organizations, and individuals used PR to communicate with their publics to achieve certain goals, yet they may not have given their efforts the formal Public Relations term. In this modern day, and especially in this high tech, fast-paced society, does it become increasingly important to keep the â€Å"buzz† generated so that organizations and individuals can rise above the noise. Research Papers on The Definition of Public RelationsThe Project Managment Office SystemPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalStandardized TestingUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Grow Your Own Multicolor Mineral Crystal Specimen

Grow Your Own Multicolor Mineral Crystal Specimen Natural minerals need millions of years to form, but you can make a homemade mineral in just a few days using inexpensive ingredients you can get at a home supply store. The chemicals grow different colors of crystals, which look like a geological specimen. The result is pretty enough to showcase at home or in the lab. Homemade Mineral Materials alum or chrome alumcopper sulfateborax or boric acidwaterfood coloring (optional)rock or other material for a base Regular white alum is sold as a kitchen spice. If you use this alum, youll want to add food coloring to grow colored crystals or you can stick with the natural clear crystals. Chrome alum (also known as chromium alum or potassium chromium sulfate) is available online and grows natural purple crystals. If you have both chemicals, you can mix them to produce natural lavender-colored crystals. Copper sulfate grows naturally blue crystals. It is sold either as a pure chemical online or as a root killer at a home supply store. Check the label to make sure copper sulfate is the ingredient. The product will look like a blue powder or granules. Boric acid is sold as an insecticide (roach killer) or disinfectant powder. Borax is sold as a laundry booster. The white powder of either chemical produces delicate white crystals. Procedure Growing a homemade mineral specimen is a multi-step process. Youll grow one layer of crystals on a rock, let the specimen dry, then grow another layer of a different chemical, let it dry, and grow the third layer to complete the project. First, find a rock and a container just large enough that you can add liquid to cover the rock completely. You dont want too big of a container or youll have to make up a lot of each crystal solution. Make up the crystal growing solutions one at a time, as you need them. In all cases, the procedure for preparing the solution is the same. Dissolve as much chemical as you can in boiling hot water. Add food coloring, if desired.Filter the solution through a paper towel or coffee filter to remove any sediment.Allow the solution to cool slightly so you dont burn yourself and dont accidentally dissolve any pre-existing crystals (for the second and third crystal sets).Place the rock or other substrate in a container. Pour the solution into the container until the rock is covered.Allow crystals to grow overnight or for a couple of days (until you are pleased with them). Then carefully remove the rock and place it on a paper towel to dry. Empty the container of solution and let it dry.When the rock is dry, return it to the empty container and add the next crystal solution. While you can grow the crystals in any order, my recommendation is to start with the alum, followed by the copper sulfate, and finally the borax. In any case, Id do borax last because the crystals are relatively fragile. Once the mineral specimen is complete, allow it to air dry. Once it is dry, you can display it. Over time, changes in the humidity of a room will alter the appearance of the crystals. If you wish to store the crystals, gently wrap them in paper to help keep the humidity stable. Alum Solution Recipe 5 tablespoons alum1 cup very hot water Copper Sulfate Recipe Copper sulfate saturation is highly dependent on water temperature. Determine how much water you need to fill your container. Heat it in a kettle or microwave until it boils. Keep stirring in copper sulfate until no more will dissolve. There will be undissolved material in the bottom of the container that you can filter out using a paper towel. Boric Acid or Borax Recipe Stir boric acid or borax into very hot tap water until no more will dissolve. Additional Crystals To Grow If three colors isnt enough for you, you can add delicate needle-like crystals of Epsom salts or red potassium ferricyanide crystals.

Accounting for the Substance of Transactions Essay

Accounting for the Substance of Transactions - Essay Example Though giving an account of the economic summary of the activities of the organization is a straightforward job, generally, an effort is made to give better perception of the organization to be presentable to the Shareholders and other stakeholders by inflating the earnings or assets or deflating the liabilities or losses or manipulation of depreciation methods, stock valuation and accounting development expenditure. Here, two factors influence the presentation. The legal provisions and accounting provisions. The presentation which is correct in legal angle may not be founded on sound accounting principles and may vary from the underlying economic reality. The managements, may, therefore, sometimes choose the best and most advantageous of these two options to present the economic substance of the transactions according to their wishes. Certain artificial transactions/combination of transactions undertaken by the organization are such that it is very difficult to assess the net effect the entire exercise. The assessment of net effect of such various activities of the enterprise may be captioned as â€Å"substance† of a transaction. "substance" of a transaction. Assessment of the substance of the transactions is found necessary to provide reliable, fair and accurate information about corporate performance and to ascertain the actual state of affairs of the business organization. The need is felt very seriously as the various distortions in Financial statements are on the increase, among other things, defining the nature of assets and liabilities and inclusion or non-inclusion of such assets and liabilities in Books of Accounts. Such events not only distort the substance of the economic activity of the organization but also fail to project the actual problems faced by the organization, depriving the organization to initiate remedial steps to address the real problems. Accounting reforms comprising provisions for reporting of substance of transactions are therefore, found necessary. Statement of principles of Accounting prescribe the activities that should be reported on in financial statements, the various dimensions of those activities that should be prominently furnished, the features that information should have if it is to be mentioned in the financial statements. The main role of the Statement of principles is to provide conceptual input into the ASB's work on the development and review of accounting standards. The Statement is not, therefore, neither an accounting standard nor does it contain any requirements on how financial statements are to be prepared. The prominent among the principles for reporting the Substance of the Transactions is definition of assets and liabilities, accounting for subsidiary undertakings, and the activities to be excluded from the business organization's financial statements and those to be included, thus setting standards for presentation of Financial statements. Factors like legal requirements, cost-benefit considerations, i ndustry-specific issues, and the desirability of evolutionary change and implementation issues are also covered. Reporting the Substance of Transactions' implies the addition of Application Note G 'Revenue Recognition'. This clears the ambiguity regarding the treatment of revenue and, in particular, the treatment of turnover (as a subset of revenue). This Application Note deals with revenue recognition from the supply of goods or services by a seller to its customers. It sets out basic principles of revenue recognition which should be applied in all cases. It also provides specific guidance for

Macro and micro economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Macro and micro economics - Assignment Example Letting the price of shirts be x and that of computers be y. The two countries might trade if the price of computers is: y=11/12x d) There will be less trade between the two countries. The economic well-being of the citizens of the two countries improves since both can acquire the commodities locally. a) The worker in Brazil. This is because they can produce one ounce of coffee in loess time as compared to the worker in Peru and also produce soya beans at a higher rate. b) The worker in Brazil. This is because they can produce the same amount of coffee as the worker in Peru but at a faster rate or within few minutes. c) Peru will import coffee. Brazil will specialize in producing coffee and hence export to Peru. Peru will specialize in production of soya beans. d) After the country specialize in producing and exporting those commodities which they can produce at a relatively lower cost and import those goods which are relatively expensive to produce.

Living with Stigma Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Living with Stigma - Case Study Example The purpose of this paper is age-related and Mrs. D evidently comes as a gritty person in spite of her age and ailment. She would not be living as an 81-year old otherwise. Nonetheless, Mrs. D is labeled as an old person, a substance abuser and as a patient. This label separates her from the others and there appears to be bias in her treatment as also the entire approach as a patient. In other words, she is living with the stigma of age. Mrs. D is a gritty old lady. She has lived life on her terms and is content to continue living on her own terms. It is not mentioned if she is in a nursing home (NH) or in residential care or assisted living (RC-AL). Nonetheless, she is living in some protective environment where visitors are allowed. She is also receiving medical care as a patient. Mrs. D has visitors. Her daughter visits her once a week. Other friends and relatives may visit periodically without any regular commitment. Due to her age, people who visit do so with some preconceived notion that they feel will be relevant to the aged. This is not just an ordinary visit. It is a visit to a place where people are left to die. It is the place where people come to spend the last days of their lives. Then there are other inmates and the staff. The inmates and staff perform according to the rules of the institution. The all-pervasive rules are noticeable in the atmosphere. Undoubtedly the place has some means of entertainment such as the television. However, the genuine love and care that is found in familial environment is missing (Becca R. Levy) The atmosphere is negative due to the label under which Mrs. D and her ilk are made to live. Stigmatization has three interrelated components. First, dominant cultural beliefs link undesirable characteristics to labeled persons. Second, labeled persons are placed in distinct categories so as to separate "them" from "us." Third, the labeled persons experience status loss and discrimination that result in unequal outcomes (Debra Dobbs et al). Therapeutic Intervention Mrs. D can continue to lead normal life. This is possible if the younger generation allow Mrs. D to live on her terms. The treatment for osteoporosis and substance abuse can continue on regular basis. The problem is not about treatment but about attitudes. The aged can endure the treatment, but it is difficult to perceive if they can endure the negative attitudes about them. Undoubtedly, the line of treatment for the aged cannot be the same as that of the younger generation. The psychology, and physiology of the aged change and they require different doses that go along with their diagnosis and symptoms. The digestive system, including the kidneys and liver, slow down with age. There is the need for support when walking. There are cases of dementia. The notion that youngsters have about the aged is not altogether wrong. The aged do need care and they also need to be tended with love and respect. However, the aged can live much of the time alone and can look after themselves with only marginal support of the younger generation (Richard T. Penson). What they need is assistance when required. They can be devastated if there is nobody to lend a hand

General Psychology and the Study of Human Behavior Essay Example for Free

General Psychology and the Study of Human Behavior Essay Psychology is the study of the human behavior especially how the mind of the human beings works. For many years, the behavior of human beings has been studied by very many scholars and they have come up with very many reasons as to why people behave in such a manner. However, as a student my main ambition is to become a drug and alcohol counselor. Therefore, this class of general psychology has helped me in building my career very much due to the course content value. Variation is one of the most obvious characteristics of human behavior. An individual’s every day life is marked by an expansive fluctuation in almost every aspect of behavior such as the intelligence he exudes, the speed with which he moves, his expression of emotions, goals he pursues, humor, energy, anxiety, shyness, among others. Even the most intelligent of human individuals have ordinary thoughts most of the time as they too are confronted with the normal activities like choosing the right mode of dressing, brushing in the morning and carrying out normal transactions. There is sufficient evidence towards the fact that one of the most striking features of a child’s behavior is its dynamic aspect of the stream of behavior recorded continuously (Barker, 1968). Any individual with no knowledge of psychology comprehend this dimension of human variation from their observation and experience. However, this is not prominent in scientific psychology. The concern of scientific psychology is another dimension of behavior variability with emphasis on individual differences. This is a major step in psychology that despite the variations that occur within every individual’s behavior, the methods for measuring and identifying individual behavior constants have been devised. Scientific psychology’s concern is with the varied number of constants measured and how they relate with each other. There is however a difficulty in achieving a stable behavior measurement. For the stability of behavior measurement to be achieved, their must be an imposition of stable measurement upon the individual, land the same conditions must be reintroduced every time the measurement is being repeated. The employment of this method offers measures of individual constancies under certain conditions but terminates individual variations under varied conditions thereby destroying the such contexts of behavior that occur naturally. This problem is not however unique to psychology. A beam’s strength can be measured under given specific conditions and under this very condition each time the measurement is being carried out. However, depending on the structural context, a beam possesses many strengths. This is also true for the meaning of words since words too have a range of meaning, the actual one being determined by the context in which it has been used. With this regard, an individual is like a beam or a word, possessing many strengths, intelligences, moralities, speeds and social maturities. However, it is clear where this intra-individual behavior variation comes from. An individual’s behavior is both internally and externally connected, though in a very complicated way. The internal parts of an individual such as the neurons, hormones or muscles and the external context such as the class, field or the game he is playing has a complex connection. The psychological individual who reads a book, plays some game and walks on some road poses as an identifiable entity between the interior parts and the exterior contexts that are unstable, being linked to both the entities, yet profoundly separated from them. This separation emerges from the fact that the internal parts and the external contexts of an individual involves an entity that functions according to laws that are not the same as those that govern his behavior (Cromwell-Davis, 2008). Such things like the actions of the brain, contraction of muscles and the concentration of hormones are not psychological phenomena. With the current state of understanding, the operation of such phenomena involve laws that are not compatible with that of psychology. The same applies to the environment with which an individual operates. The school or class where an individual is a student, the library he studies and the road he walks operates according to laws that are foreign with regard to that govern his behavior as an individual. The external context involves what has been referred to as the molar ecological environment which includes those phenomena that occurs naturally outside an individuals skin with which his molar actions are incorporated but operate according to laws that are incompatible with those laws that dictates his molar behavior (Baker, 1965). There is a difference between the psychological and ecological environment. One of the interesting aspects of human behavior is the course it takes when different variables are introduced within the environment. In the study below, behavior of individual was observed with regard to the distance between them and other human subjects. Theory Statement An individual’s mode of behavior is dictated by the distance between him and other subjects. According to Adam Kendon, every human behavior is located (Kendon 1990, p. 210). Human behavior takes place within a given space which has objects and people upon which the behavior is directed. The space and what it contains on the other hand influences the behavior of an individual. The space occupied and maintained by an individual’s behavior can in this respect be termed as the transactional space. The transactional space between two individuals influences their behavior. Experiment In the following experiment, a study was conducted to investigate the extent to which transactional space influences the behavior of individuals in college. The investigator walked through the college in different areas where different activities were being carried out. The exercise took three hours and findings were recorded. The experiment was conducted in the campus park because of the diversity of activity and human interactions that takes place in it. Methodology Since the study involved the study of behavior in face to face interaction, a major problem encountered was how to define the structural units in which the subjects were organized. In particular, it became difficult to delineate the distinct units of interaction with regard to the organization of observable behavior into their components for analysis. However, the observations were made randomly with neither of the subjects aware of the experiments. As such, the experimenter walked from one point to another, looking at the group formation and identifying individuals who did not have any company. The behavior which was recorded included eye focus, body movement and the degree of engagement in a particular action. In particular, the reaction of the subjects were observed whenever the experimenter approached an individual or a group of individuals. In all the instances, the experimenter did not engage the subjects in any form of conversation. Observations and results Behavior of individuals was varied depending on the activity and whether one was alone or in groups. Among the individuals who were alone, there seemed to be an absorption with either something that was going on around them or an absorption with an activity that they were involved with. They also seemed to react whenever an individual came within three meters of their transactional space. Of the notable behaviors, five out of six subjects looked directly at the individual who came within three meters of their transactional space. Among groups of individuals, there was a variation in behavior with regard to the number. In a group of two, the subjects engaged in conversation with momentous eye contact. Whenever one passed within a distance of three meters, they all turned and depending on the behavior or gender of the individual, some responded with either greeting the individual or looked briefly and continued with their conversation. The latter instance was rare with groups of three or more. Discussion A behavior setting is composed of one or more standing patterns of behavior. There are numerous patterns of behavior that have been recognized such as a molar unit or group activity. This is a bounded pattern in holistic human behavior. It is thus a discrete behavioral unit with coordinates which are univocal within space and time. As such, a standing pattern of behavior cannot be said to be a character of the subjects involved but rather, it is a phenomenon outside the individual with unique characteristics which remain whenever there is an alteration of the participants. One apparent thing among the subjects observed is that their behavior with regard to reacting to an individual coming within their transactional space is dependent among various factors which may not be open to the experimenter as human behavior is derived from both external and internal conditions. As such, every observable behavior exhibited by an individual has various roots even though behavior can be predicted to some extent. The first thing that the course has helped to understand in relation to drug and alcohol is the different terms that are used when counseling a person. This are the general terms that are used when counseling a patient. For example, it is not good to use terms like â€Å"you are wrong,† â€Å"you do not know† or â€Å"you are foolish.† The course has helped to learn the new terms that I will be using like, â€Å"instead of saying you are wrong,† you can say, â€Å"that is another good reason.† Additionally, it has helped us to learn the tone of language that is to be used. When counseling a patient, one should always be calm and always be positive about what the patient is feeling and thinking. It is also in this unit of general psychology that we have learnt how very different people behave in the different ways. This is where the course has taught me why different people behave as they do and why they end up drinking. Stress is one factor that makes people to end up becoming alcoholic or turning into drugs. Additionally, drug abuse and alcoholism has also been known to be hereditary from the resent research studies that have been done by the different scholars. It is through this course that we have learnt the very many reasons as to why people behave in different ways and why they take drugs or alcohol. I have learnt the different forms of therapy that are used in counseling in this course. This is where the introduction to therapy is done. One way of helping a drug or an alcohol addict to stop the addiction is through therapy. Therapy is the solving of personal problems of a person that occurs daily. In therapy, talking with a trained professional is the method that is usually used to solve the different problems. Therefore, this unit of general psychology is helping me gain that knowledge and become a professional therapist in treating the different problems that different drug and alcohol addicts have. It is also in this lesson of general psychology that I have learned the intelligence of the human thinking. In the growth graph, since the time somebody is born, the brain usually undergoes several stages intelligence. For example, when somebody is at the age of the teenage the brain starts to develop the ability to solve problems in reality. This means that the thinking capacity has grown and the person is able to think critically as compared to the person was young. Therefore, this lesson has helped me understand the different stages of intelligence in the human beings, making it easy for me when it comes to counseling the different people. Motivation is another very important factor in counseling especially in the counseling of drug abusers and alcoholics. It is in this class where the subject of motivation is introduced and taught in detail to prepare the students as they go ahead with the studies of psychology. I have learnt the different methods that are used in motivating the different drug and alcohol addicts. This is very important because when counseling people who are drug or alcohol addicts, the people need to be motivated so that they can be able to quit easily without the need of turning back. Therefore, this lesson of general psychology has taught me a greater lesson in motivation and how it should be applied in the field of practice. This class of general psychology has taught me a great number of different personalities that different people tend have. It is important to note that there is no way that two people can have the same personality. According to this chapter, it is because of how the different kinds of people have very different thoughts from one another. For this reason, the study of this lesson has been a very influential topic in my career as a counselor of drug addicts and alcoholics In addition, this class has opened up my mind on the different perceptions that I always had about drunkards. When I had started this class, I had the wrong impression/perception of how the drug addicts and alcoholics behave. I thought that this people, are people who are just lazy in life and they only abuse drugs as an excuse to their many problems. However, this class of general psychology has changed my perception about the different drug addicts and alcoholics and it has given me an open mind, which is required by counselors when it comes to helping others during therapy. Lastly, this lesson has been able to introduce some of the topics that are very useful in the study of counseling, and they are going to be learnt deeply in other classes especially at the level of specialization. Additionally, it is this unit, which has helped me realize that people are not always drug addicts or alcoholics because they want to be, but it is because of the different behaviors that they exhibit, which are affected by external factors like stress. These external factors can drive somebody crazy leading to drug abuse or alcohol abuse. Therefore, this subject has introduced me into the topic of human behavior in relation to drug abuse, alcoholism and how the following problems can be solved by the use of counseling.